Improve documentation for system::default_device()

[kylelutz]

Add better documentation for the system::default_device() method and indicate how it uses the environmental variables and what happens when no device is found.

From the review:

What does default_device do if there are no devices?  Do the various
environment variables mentioned have any kind of precedence?  (Probably
linking to the corresponding OpenCL docs is sufficient for such
questions).  Do they have to be exact matches?  Are they case-sensitive?