Implement `strictTraceContinuation` handling

[mydea]

Following develop docs here: https://develop.sentry.dev/sdk/telemetry/traces/#stricttracecontinuation

We want to implement this behavior for trace continuation in browser & node SDKs.

[github-actions]

A PR closing this issue has just been released 🚀

This issue was referenced by PR #16313, which was included in the 10.0.0 release.