[MATLAB] Add multi-OS MATLAB test workflows to CI

[ssun30]

Changes proposed in this pull request

• Run MATLAB tests in CI for Ubuntu 22.02/24.02, MacOS 13/14/15, and Windows 2022/2025.

Checklist

• The pull request includes a clear description of this code change
• Commit messages have short titles and reference relevant issues
• Build passes (scons build & scons test) and unit tests address code coverage
• Style & formatting of contributed code follows contributing guidelines
• The pull request is ready for review

[ischoegl]

I'd prefer utilizing runners that build on previously compiled code within a single matrix job, similar to the approach taken by the .NET runners. Of course, this requires the generated CLib.