Navaho-Linguistics

A repository for Indigenous American language material for quantum engineering topics from the Diné/Navaho/Navajo tribe. Collected and written by Onri Jay Benally, an Indigenous American quantum hardware engineer born and raised on the Navaho tribe (Diné Bikeyah). This is a life-long project.

In January of 2024, this open-access repository became part of an approved proposal funded by the Arizona State University (ASU) Quantum Collaborative network.

The official funding start date is: June 2nd of 2025.

The official funded project name is: Quantum Hardware Engineering Education Augmented Through Navaho Linguistics.

Primary URL for the repository: OJB-Quantum/Navaho-Linguistics

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Pro tip by Onri:

• Navaho root words often start with 'a', 'b', 'h', 'n', 's', 't', or 'y' sounds.
• Also, when a word starts with an 'a', 'e', 'i', or an 'o' sound (Navaho vowels) and their variations, it is usually preceded by an apostrophe.
• Note that since Navaho/ Navajo is a speaking-focused language, you may notice variations of word spellings in writing, whether in literature or video or other media. It is possible to provide a more correct spelling in writing when converting speech to text to accurately match the phonetics.
• Using the term 'particular' in English usually means to single out something, and the equivalent of this is used heavily in Navaho to highlight objects.

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Translation of "Quantum Computer" into Navajo by Onri Jay Benally (O.J.B.) [Example]

English Term	Navaho/ Navajo Term	Literal Meaning in English
quantum computer	béésh t'áá 'aníí 'á'ádaatʼéhígíí nitsékeesí	Metal or piece of metal that thinks at a truly fundamental level

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Living on the Countryside Explained by O.J.B., First in Navaho, Followed by English

Navaho	English
Jo dii Hoozdoh hahoodzo eii yaa, doo nidahałtingóó, dził, tsékooh, dóó dah azką́, eidigii t'aa ałtsoh Diné Bikeyah 'akwe'e sha hoghan. Dził bilááhdęęh 'akwe'e tłéego jo wót’ááhjį' alááhgo, yágháhookáán biyi'di, łees'áán yílzhódí nizhonigo adindiin. 'Akohgo 'índa ládą́ą́' k'os ádin, t’áá ákwii tł'éé' sǫ'łání dah dinisxǫs. 'Akót'áó shił yá'át'ééh.	In Arizona, there are deserts, mountains, canyons, and mesas within the Navaho Nation, my home. From the mountains and beyond, way up in the sky, in outer space, the Milky Way can be seen shining beautifully. Every night, if there are no clouds obstructing the view, one can observe so many sparkling stars. I am content with the way that this is.

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Brief Quantum Mechanics Introduction Explained in Navaho by Onri

Navaho

English

Díí 'áʼádaatʼéhígíí náás góne'é t'áá kóníghánígo 'akwe'é 'ahóodziil doo bee 'atsiniltł'ish biyi' 'asdizígíí éídí 'í'neel'ąąh 'áádóó yidísin. T'áá bééhodoozįįł yił 'ałhii'níná’iidzóóh nida'ałkáá'ii' Schrödinger dóó Pauli dóó Dirac bits’ą́ą́dę́ę́ nihinááł 'áádóó bee béédahodoozįįł.

In fundamental or elemental objects such as an atom, further within it, at short intervals here, is energy that one can observe, and from there, measure it, as well as its electron spin [depending on which measurement tool is used]. It must be explained with [the language of] mathematics that we can watch or observe and of which can be studied to learn more, introduced by Professors Schrodinger, Pauli, and Dirac.

Navajo Braille Transcription of Quantum Mechanics Introduction (Unicode Braille Cells)

⠠⠙⠌⠌ ⠄⠷⠄⠷⠙⠁⠁⠞⠄⠮⠓⠌⠛⠌⠌ ⠝⠷⠷⠎ ⠛⠬⠝⠑⠄⠮ ⠞⠄⠷⠷ ⠅⠬⠝⠌⠛⠓⠷⠝⠌⠛⠕ ⠄⠁⠅⠺⠑⠄⠮ ⠄⠁⠓⠬⠕⠙⠵⠊⠊⠇ ⠙⠕⠕ ⠃⠑⠑ ⠄⠁⠞⠎⠊⠝⠊⠇⠞⠹⠄⠊⠎⠓ ⠃⠊⠽⠊⠄ ⠄⠁⠎⠙⠊⠵⠌⠛⠌⠌ ⠮⠌⠙⠌ ⠄⠌⠄⠝⠑⠑⠇⠄⠨⠁⠨⠁⠓ ⠄⠷⠷⠙⠬⠬ ⠽⠊⠙⠌⠎⠊⠝⠲ ⠠⠞⠄⠷⠷ ⠃⠮⠮⠓⠕⠙⠕⠕⠵⠨⠊⠨⠊⠹ ⠽⠊⠹ ⠄⠁⠹⠓⠊⠊⠄⠝⠌⠝⠷⠄⠊⠊⠙⠵⠬⠬⠓ ⠝⠊⠙⠁⠄⠁⠹⠅⠷⠷⠄⠊⠊⠄ ⠠⠎⠉⠓⠗⠘⠒⠕⠙⠊⠝⠛⠑⠗ ⠙⠬⠬ ⠠⠏⠁⠥⠇⠊ ⠙⠬⠬ ⠠⠙⠊⠗⠁⠉ ⠃⠊⠞⠎⠄⠨⠷⠨⠷⠙⠨⠮⠨⠮ ⠝⠊⠓⠊⠝⠷⠷⠹ ⠄⠷⠷⠙⠬⠬ ⠃⠑⠑ ⠃⠮⠮⠙⠁⠓⠕⠙⠕⠕⠵⠨⠊⠨⠊⠹⠲

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How this was encoded

• High-tone vowels are single cells: á ⟶ ⠷ (dots-12356), é ⟶ ⠮ (dots-2346), í ⟶ ⠌ (dots-34), ó ⟶ ⠬ (dots-346).
• Nasal vowels prefix dots-46 before the vowel; for example ą ⟶ ⠨⠁, ę ⟶ ⠨⠑. High-tone nasal vowels use dots-46 + the high-tone vowel cell (e.g., ą́ ⟶ ⠨⠷, ę́ ⟶ ⠨⠮).
• The glottal stop and ejective mark (apostrophe ʼ / ’ / ' in print) are a single dot-3 cell ⟶ ⠄, used inside words as in t’, neel’ąąh.
• The barred ell ł is dots-1456 ⟶ ⠹ (per the Navajo consonant table).
• Capitals use the UEB capital indicator dot-6 ⟶ ⠠ (e.g., at Díí, T’áá, Schrödinger, Pauli, Dirac).
• Periods use UEB dots-256 ⟶ ⠲.
• The ö in Schrödinger is UEB “diaeresis above the following letter,” written with the UEB diaeresis indicator before o (shown here as ⠘⠒ + ⠕ in braille order).

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Common Equations in Nemeth Braille as a Supplementary Example for the Navaho Quantum Mechanics Introduction

1) Ehrenfest’s theorem — general operator form

Braille title: ⠑⠓⠗⠑⠝⠋⠑⠎⠞⠄⠎ ⠞⠓⠑⠕⠗⠑⠍ ⠤⠤ ⠛⠑⠝⠑⠗⠁⠇ ⠕⠏⠻⠁⠞⠕⠗ ⠋⠕⠗⠍

Nemeth: ⠹⠙⠌⠙⠞⠼ ⠨⠨⠷⠁⠨⠨⠾ ⠨⠅ ⠹⠼⠁⠌⠊⠓⠒⠼ ⠨⠨⠷⠈⠷⠁⠂⠓⠈⠾⠨⠨⠾ ⠖ ⠨⠨⠷⠹⠈⠙⠁⠌⠈⠙⠞⠼⠨⠨⠾

d/dt ⟨A⟩ = (1/(iħ)) ⟨[A,H]⟩ + ⟨∂A/∂t⟩

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2) Classical comparison

**Braille title:** ⠉⠇⠁⠎⠎⠊⠉⠁⠇ ⠉⠕⠍⠏⠁⠗⠊⠎⠕⠝

Nemeth: ⠹⠙⠌⠙⠞⠼ ⠨⠨⠷⠭⠨⠨⠾ ⠨⠅ ⠹⠨⠨⠷⠏⠨⠨⠾⠌⠍⠼⠂ ⠹⠙⠌⠙⠞⠼ ⠨⠨⠷⠏⠨⠨⠾ ⠨⠅ ⠨⠨⠷⠤⠘⠙⠧⠨⠨⠾

d/dt ⟨x⟩ = ⟨p⟩/m, d/dt ⟨p⟩ = ⟨−∇V⟩

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3) Time‑independent Schrodinger equation (3D)

Braille title: ⠞⠊⠍⠑⠤⠊⠝⠙⠑⠏⠑⠝⠙⠑⠝⠞ ⠎⠉⠓⠗⠕⠙⠊⠝⠛⠻ ⠑⠟⠥⠁⠞⠊⠕⠝

Nemeth: ⠈⠷⠤⠹⠓⠒⠘⠼⠃⠌⠼⠃⠍⠼ ⠘⠙⠘⠼⠃ ⠖ ⠧⠣⠗⠜⠈⠾ ⠨⠽⠣⠗⠜ ⠨⠅ ⠑ ⠨⠽⠣⠗⠜

[ −(ħ^2)/(2m) ∇^2 + V(r) ] ψ(r) = E ψ(r)

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4) Dirac equation — αβ Hamiltonian (Dirac‑αβ) form

Braille title: ⠙⠊⠗⠁⠉ ⠑⠟⠥⠁⠞⠊⠕⠝ ⠤⠤ ⠨⠁⠨⠃ ⠓⠁⠍⠊⠇⠞⠕⠝⠊⠁⠝ ⠋⠕⠗⠍

Nemeth: ⠊⠓⠒ ⠹⠈⠙⠨⠽⠌⠈⠙⠞⠼ ⠨⠅ ⠣ ⠉ ⠨⠁⠡⠏ ⠖ ⠨⠃⠍⠉⠘⠼⠃ ⠜ ⠨⠽

iħ (∂ψ/∂t) = ( c α·p + β m c^2 ) ψ

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5) Dirac equation — manifestly covariant form

Braille title: ⠙⠊⠗⠁⠉ ⠑⠟⠥⠁⠞⠊⠕⠝ ⠤⠤ ⠍⠁⠝⠊⠋⠑⠎⠞⠇⠽ ⠉⠕⠧⠁⠗⠊⠁⠝⠞ ⠋⠕⠗⠍

Nemeth: ⠣ ⠊⠓⠒ ⠨⠛⠘⠨⠍ ⠈⠙⠆⠨⠍ ⠤ ⠍⠉ ⠜ ⠨⠽ ⠨⠅ ⠼⠚

( iħ γ^μ ∂_μ − m c ) ψ = 0

Notes

• Angle brackets: ⟨…⟩ are ⠨⠨⠷ … ⠨⠨⠾. Square brackets: ⟦…⟧ here shown as basic ⠈⠷ … ⠈⠾. Equals: ⠨⠅ (spaced). Minus: ⠤. Plus: ⠖. Centered dot: ⠡.

• Greek: α ⟶ ⠨⠁, β ⟶ ⠨⠃, γ ⟶ ⠨⠛, μ ⟶ ⠨⠍, ψ ⟶ ⠨⠽.

• ∂ is ⠈⠙; ∇ (del) is ⠘⠙; superscripts use ⠘, subscripts use ⠆; overbar (h‑bar) uses the horizontal‑bar sign ⠒ after the base letter.

• Digits use the numeric indicator ⠼ before the first digit when needed for clarity.

Printing Setup for the Navajo Braille & Supplementary Nemeth Braille

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Schrodinger's Cat Saying a Greeting in Navaho by Onri

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Cryogenic Dilution Refrigerator Measurement System with Temperature Stages in Navaho by Onri

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Dilution Refrigerator Components for Quantum Computer Explained in Navaho by Onri

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Cryogenic Vessels and Cryostats Explained in Navaho by Onri

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Cryogenic Cable Examples in Navaho by Onri and Team

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Superconducting Transmon Trilayers Shown in Navaho by Onri

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Superconducting Quantum Limited Amplifier Shown In Navaho by Onri

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Spin-Orbit Torque Magnetic Memory Cell Shown in Navaho by Onri

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Linguistic Idea Table Aimed Toward Translation Use

Stage	English Term	Navaho Term
Initial Idea	Some Word (Eng)	Nv
	Eng	Nv
	Eng	Nv
Final Version	[Rough Transcription] <> Final Word	Navaho Term Spelled

Generic blueprint for language breakdown from Navaho to English and vice-versa.

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From Idea to Practice...

Stage	English Term	Navaho Term
	metal	béésh
	red	łichííʼ
	think	nitsékees
Final Version	[A piece of] copper that thinks. ([Electronic] Computer).	béésh łichííʼ nitsékeesí

Representation of 'computer' in Navaho.

For more details, scroll further to view Onri's Two-Part Translation model.

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Other Examples:

	English	Navaho
	The quick brown fox	ma'ii dibéłchíʼí dilwo' or ma'ii yishtłizh dilwoʼ
	Lazy dog	léechąąʼí biłhóyéé'
	Jumped	nahachaʼ or dah nahachaʼ or dahnáníjįįh
	To jump	dahnáníshjį́į́h
	Jumping	dah naháchaʼgo
	Laziness	iłhóyéé'
	Slow or in vain	chʼééh
	Fast runner (quick)	dilwoʼ
Final Outcome	The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog	maʼii dibéłchíʼí dilwoʼ eii léechąąʼí biłhóyéé' dahnáníjįįh

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	English	Navaho
	electricity or electrical	'atsiniltł'ish
	strength or to be strong	dziil
	his strength or he is strong	hadziil
	energy or his strength	bidziil
	it flows. You are	ńlį́
	a particular one that is	-ígíí
	that which flows	ńlínígíí
Final Outcome	Strength of electrical [charge] flow. (Electrical [charge] current).	'atsiniltł'ish bidziil ńlínígíí

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	English	Navaho
	electricity or electrical	'atsiniltł'ish
	by means of it, by means of, or with	bee-
	strength or to be strong	dziil
	energy or his strength	bidziil
	it flows. You are	ńlį́
	a particular one that is	-ígíí
	that which flows	ńlínígíí
	very, extremely, really	t'áá 'íiyisíí
	'atsiniltł'ish bidziil ńlínígíí	[electrical charge] current
Final Outcome	By which the strength of the electrical charge current [can] extremely flow. (Superconductor).	bee 'atsiniltł'ish bidziil ńlínígíí t'áá 'íiyisíí dabidziil

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Stage	English Term	Navaho Term
	metal	béésh
	truly	tʼáá 'aníí
	think	nitsékees
	fundamental or elements	'á'ádaatʼéhígíí
Final Version	Metal or piece of metal that thinks at a truly fundamental level (Quantum Computer).	béésh tʼáá 'aníí 'á'ádaatʼéhígíí nitsékeesí

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	English	Navaho
	By means of it, by means of, or with	bee-
	Cold	sik'az
	Coldness. Chill. Frigidity.	hakʼaz
Final Outcome	By which [something] is [made] cold. (Refrigerator).	bee 'azk'azi

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	English	Navaho
	by means of it, by means of, or with	bee-
	cold	sik'az
	coldness, chill, or frigidity	hak'az
	experiment	t'áádoole'é nabíhonitaah
Final Outcome	By which is made cold for experiment (Measurement refrigerator or cryostat).	t'áádoole'é nabíhonitaah bee 'azk'azi

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Full Immersion by Sight, Auditory, & Tactile Means
Sight = Animation & 3D models
Auditory = Harmonics
Tactility = Braille-mathematics-inspired learning

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3 General Categories of Technical Communication by O.J.B.

Category	Description
Mathematical Linguistics	- Logical operations with words. - Can be relayed through Braille, visible, or spoken text. - Aims to formalize & create syntax & morphology.
Linguistical Mathematics	- Semantics & philosophical-based communication. - Tendency to be abstract, indeterminate, or ambiguous. - Applies mathematical theories to understand linguistic phenomena & existing syntax.
Descriptive Linguistics	- Delineated, formulated, stringified, expanded, verbal communication. - Can be relayed through Braille, visible, or spoken text. - Uses the familiar syntax of one’s spoken language for comprehensive documentation.

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Leveraging the Universal Nature of Geometry with Linguistics:

Aspect	Details
Universal Nature of Geometry	- Geometry is highly visual and uses universally recognized symbols and diagrams. - Fundamental concepts like points, lines, and shapes are easily understood visually, transcending linguistic barriers.
Language's Mathematical Lexicon	- Requires a well-developed mathematical vocabulary. - Terms can be created or borrowed for effective communication. - Descriptions and analogies can substitute for missing terms.
Teaching Methods	- Visual aids (diagrams, models, animations) can overcome linguistic gaps. - Teaching in the learners' native language enhances understanding. - Multilingual strategies can support advanced topics.
Linguistic & Cultural Context	- Relating concepts to cultural or environmental contexts engages learners. - Indigenous languages, like Navajo, can use descriptive translations for geometric terms.
Technology & Tools	- Geometry software and platforms support multilingual learning. - Open Educational Resources (OERs) ensure inclusivity and access to content in various languages.
Challenges in Advanced Topics	- Advanced geometry topics may require more specialized terminology. - Language development and contextual examples can address this challenge.
Conclusion	- Basic geometry is universally teachable due to its visual and universal nature. - Advanced topics can be effectively taught with creative methods and linguistic adaptability.

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Common Shapes, Textures, & Geometries in Navaho:

3D View

English shape or object	Navaho (as provided)	Notes
Cylinder or tube	Niyiz
Cone	Heetsʼóóz
Conical	Dah 'ats'os
Cube (usually wooden box)	Tsits'aa'
Sphere or spherical	Nimaz
Hemisphere	'Ałníí do nimaz	maybe
Torus	Nazbas	nahalin
Pyramid	Tse bilatahji' dahees'oozgo daastl'inii
Mesa	Dah 'azką́
Capsule	Dijool
Wire	Béésh 'áłtsózí	relatively
Curved object	Haabas
Box or wooden box	Tsitsʼaaʼ
Sharp pointed	Hááhaashchii'
Spikey or points in different directions	Dah deeshzhah
Elbow	'Ach'oozhlaa'
Arm	'Agaan
Joints	'Ahadit'aan
Chisel	Bee hahalzhishi
Hairy	Dits'oz

2D Cross-Sectional View

English shape or symbol	Navaho (as provided)	Notes
Circle	Nahazbas
Circular	Nazbas
Semi-circle or partial circle	'Ałníí do nazbas
Ellipse	Haahideeneez
Triangle	Táaʼgóó adeezʼá
Right Triangle	Nishʼnáajigo heetsʼóóz	tapered on the right
Equilateral Triangle
Rectangle	Dik'aago heeneez
Square	Dik'a
Rhombus or “diamond”	Bee aditlihi
Quadrilateral	Dii'go adeezʼá
Parallelogram (any angle)	Naadeeki
Trapezoid	'Ałníí do heetsʼóóz or 'Ał'ąą dii'go adeezʼá or Heetsʼóózgo adeezʼá	multiple forms given
Kite	'Ał'ąą bee aditlihi	maybe
Pentagon	'Ashdla'góó adeezʼá
Hexagon	Hastą́ą́góó adeezʼá
Honeycomb-shape	Dikin
Octagon	Tseebiigóó adeezʼá
Wedge	Bee ałkʼíniilkaałí
Chisel	Bee hahalzhishi
Cross or plus	Dik'aago heeneez alnáosdzi (alnáoszid) or alnáaz'á	multiple forms given
U-shape	Názhah
V-shape or forked	Halgizh
Saw-tooth type	Doolghas
Wavy	Doolk'ool
Coiled or spiraled	Náhineest'ee'
Tapered	Hááhaaschii'
Point or tip	Dah hats'os
Extends or stretches	'íít'i'
Generic polygon	<number>góó adeezʼá or <number>go adeezʼá	placeholder forms
Generic symbol	<object> yishchiin	placeholder form
Variation	'Ał'ąą

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Helper Terms for Quantum Hardware Terminology in Navaho

Navaho Term	English Term
Yi-	His/her/its/their
Ba-	For him/her
Ha	His
Da	Including. As well as. And
Ná'	Again
-go	Since, because, when, during, while, being, -ly
-góó	To, towards, or extension of
-di	At or times (scaled up/ down by)
-gi	At
-ígíí	A particular one that is
-ii	Similar to -er in English. A person or thing that does an action indicated by the root verb. Similar to -er in English. A person or thing that does an action indicated by the root verb. That which is of quality. That which <verb(s)>. Of which
-í	The one that or the one who.
Bee-	By means of it, by means of, or with
-jígo	In the direction or on the side of it
-jigo	Toward
éí	That one. That (remotely)
'Eii	That one there. That one. That (nearby)
'Eidí	That one near you
'éidíígíí	That very one
'Eíyá	Only. Exclusively. Specifically
Díí	This. These
Díidí	This one. These
Díidíígíí	Particularly this one
Łeh	Usually or customarily
T'áá	Just, quite, only, kind of, or sort of
T'óó	Quite, just, merely, just for fun
Dó'	Too. Also
Dóó	And
Bii'	In. Within. Inside of it (same as biyi')
Bíí'	Theirs. His
Biih	Within or within it. Its interior
Bíí'oh	What is left. What remains
'ádzaa	It happened. He did
Yik'ee	Because. On account of
Bilááhgóó	Over or beyond it
Biláahgo	Because there was an excess of it
Bilááh	Beyond it
Yikáá'góó	Above it
Haká'ígíí	On the top
Hayaaígíí	On the bottom
Bichą́ą́h	In his way. In front of it. Obstructing. Barrier
Bichą́ą́h dahólǫ́ǫgo	Existing to prevent it. Obstructing. Hindering
Bichą́ąhgi	In front of it
Bichą́ąhji'	In place of it
Bichą́ąhji' hazlį́į́'	It replaced it
Bideiijígo	Above it or upper distant side of it
Biyaiijígo	Below it or beneath it
Bi'oh	Less than it
Bi'oh neel'ą́	Insufficient for them or too little for it
Ditą́	It is deep (as water). It is thick
Dit'in	Dense. Close together (as leaves on a tree)
Ditsid	Tough. Sinewy
Daditą́	They are thick. They are deep
T'áágééd	Without
T'áadoo	Do not. Did not. Without
T'áadoo 'ádíníní	Do not say that. Stop talking. Hush. Be quiet
'Atsoo'	Tongue
K'aa'	Arrow
Bee 'a'nizhi	Tweezers
Bee 'áté	Due to it. Because of it
Digiz	It is crooked
Shá	For me. Sun. Radiation (in general)
Shá bitł'óól	Sun beam or sun rays
Shą́ą'ji'	In the sunshine
Nahalin	Looks like or seems
Nahalingo	Resembles. While looking alike
Bee na'anishí	By means of the one is used to work. Tool or instrument or apparatus
Bee nda'onishígíí	By means of the one used for the work. Tool
Ch'osh doo yit'íinii bee níl'íní	By means of the one that is used to see by you on insects that cannot be seen. Viewing instrument for invisible bugs. Biological microscope
Bee níl'íní	By means of the one that is used to see by you. Viewing instrument or tool
Bee béédahodoozįįł	With which a study will be made. It will be observed to learn more about it
Béé deetą́	It was learned (by study). Knowledge was acquired
Béé dahózin	They are known
Béé dahózinígíí	The ones that are known
Nihił béé dahózinígíí	That which we know about. Those of us that know about it
'í'neel'ąąh	Measurement
Deínóołta'	You study it. You read it
Naalkaah	Inspection. Examination
Na'alkaah	Investigation. Research. To trial. Trial (at law)
Naalkaahgo	Tracking. Studying
Ndeiłkaahígíí	Those who track it. Those who study it. Those who investigate it
Di'į́dí	Fragile or brittle
Na'ólní	Expectation
Bą́ą́h da'ílį́	Cost or value
'í'níłdzil	Resistance or endurance
Wóyah	Low
Wóyahgo na''alkid	Low temperature
'Anáhoolzhishgo	Time having completed a cycle back to a point
Báshíshchíín	I am born for him
'ánéełt'e'	Number
'ánéełt'e'ígíí	That is the particular amount or that is the particular number
'áłtsíísí	Is little
'áłch'į́dí	Insufficient
T'áá 'áłch'ídígo	Just a little. Just a few
T'áá 'átʼé	The whole thing. All of it
Tʼóó 'ahayói	Quite a lot. Very many
'áłch'į́į́dí	It is a small amount
'áłch'į́į́dígo	A small amount. Just a little bit
'ádin	There is nothing. Zero
Díkwíí?	How much is it or how many?
'ákwíí	That many
'ákwii	Thereabout, in some general area
'ákwíí bits’ą́ą́dę́ę́	Offspring or derivative of an amount (potential new term by Onri)
T'áá 'ákwíí	Every or each one in the same amount
T'áá 'áhą́ą́	Simultaneously. Frequently. Often. At the same time
T'áá 'áhą́ą́dígo	Close together
T'ah kodą́ą́'	Beforehand
'áháádzogo	It is divided
'Aha'ádzaago	Since or when. They come together
T'áá kóníghánígo	At every interval
T'áá 'áłts'íísígo	Small piece
T'áá 'áłch'į́į́dígo	Just a little bit. Just a few
T'áá bíyó	A little bit. Mildly. Slightly. Kind of. Somewhat. Rather
Yidísin	He/ she/ one observes
Nánísh'įįh	To look at it. I am watching it
Haalzííd	It is being watched
'áhoodzaago	When it happened
'ánáhoot'įįh	It happens
'Ałts'á'ii'nííł	Division
Dooleeł	It will be
Bit'áahgi	Near it. Close to it
Sik'az	Cold
Hakʼaz	Coldness. Chill. Frigidity
Hoozkʼaz	Place or region that is cold (such as an ice box)
Sido	It is hot or it is warm
Siil	Steam or vapor
Siil bitoo'	Distilled water
Bitoo'	It's juice
Naʼalkid	Temperature or time (depending on context)
Dįį' bich'į'go naʼalkid Kelvin da'azjah	4 degrees Kelvin
Bee 'azk'azi	Refrigerator. By which [something] is made or kept cold
T'áádoole'é	Things. Something. Anything
T'áádoole'é 'ádaal'į́įgi	A factory [of things]
T'áádoole'é le'égóó	About anything. About something
T'áádoole'é łeeyi' dahólóonii	Mineral or mineral resources
T'áádoole'é nabíhonitaah	Experiment
T'áádoole'é nabíhonitaah bee 'azk'azi	Refrigerator for experiment. Measurement refrigerator or experimental measurement refrigerator
T’áádoole’é nabíhonitaah bee ‘azk’azi ni'góó sizínígíí	Refrigerator for experiment, the one standing on the floor. Floor standing experimental measurement fridge
T’áádoole’é nabíhonitaah bee ‘azk’azi tsoh	Large refrigerator for experiment. Large experimental measurement refrigerator
T’áádoole’é nabíhonitaah t'óshjeehtso bee ‘azk’azi ni'góó sizínígíí or t’áádoole’é nabíhonitaah bee ‘azk’azi ni'góó sizínígíí t'áadoo bitoo'	Refrigerator for experiment, the one standing on the floor. Floor standing experimental measurement fridge.
T’áádoole’é nabíhonitaah bee t'óshjeehtso góne' honeezk'az or t'óshjeehtso góne' honeezk'az Dewar bijoosye'	A big barrel where something is kept cold for experiment(s). Experimental measurement cold keeping barrel. Dewar (large Thermos)
T'óshjeeh góne' honeezk'az	Barrel where it [something] is kept cold
Ni'góó sizínígíí	The one who is standing on the floor
Sizínígíí	The one who is standing
T'óshjeeh	Water barrel. Can be used to describe barrel-shaped objects in general
T'óshjeehtso	Big water barrel. Large water barrel. Can be used to describe large barrel-shaped objects in general
Bá haz'ání góne'	A space for it. A place for it
Honeezk'az	To keep cool or to keep cold
Honeezk'ází	It (an area) is cool or cold
'Ayóo/ 'Ayóó	Very. Extremely
'Ayóogo	Really
'Agháadi	Extreme
'Agháadi yá'át'ééh	Excellent
'Agháadi yá'át'ééhígíí	Best
'Aghá	Best, utmost
Yilááh/ Bilááh/ Alááh	Beyond
'Ayóí	Very. Exceedingly. Remarkably (can be used at the end of a term)
'Ayóígo	Very. Exceedingly. Remarkably
Ndaaz	It is heavy
Ndaaznil	They (inanimate objects) lie about in groups
T'áádoole'é ndaaznil	Things or anything (inanimate) that lies about in groups
'Ałąą	Separate. Individual. Each. Different. Distinct. Apart. Divide. Varies
'Ałąą 'át'é	Distinct
'Ałąą 'ádaat'éii	Different kinds. Different colors
'Ałąą 'áníłdíilgo	Since they (inanimate objects) are of different sizes
T'áá 'ałąą	Each. Separately. Different. Distinct
'á'ádaatʼéhígíí	Fundamental. Elements
'á'ádaatʼéhígíí bitsiniltł'ish shá bik'ehgo siláii	Proton
'á'ádaatʼéhígíí bináhaazléí or 'á'ádaatʼéhígíí bináhaazléí bitsiniltł'ish	Electron
'á'ádaatʼéhígíí ahii'sinilgo bitsiniltł'ish hólǫ́	Ion
Nishigizh	Diffusion (of materials at the atomic or molecular level)
T'áádoole'é łahgo áániił	Chemical reaction
Bik'ehgo na'alkaahii	Theory
'áhóót'įįdii	Occurence
Neestł'ah	Interfere with. Mitigated. Arrested
Bizaad	His language. His words
Bizaadji	In his language. According to his language
'Adiits'a'	To hear or to make sounds
Bizaad k'ehgo	At his word. At his command. His orders
Diists'a'	Hear. Listen. Making sounds
Doo deiidiits'a' da	They do not understand it (as a language). They cannot hear it. They have not heard of it
Doo ndiists'a' da	I cannot hear you. I cannot understand your language
'Adiits'a'í	One who hears. Interpreter
Hodéezyéél	Noiseless
Haszéé'	Noiseless
Nich'i	Breeze or current of air
Nílį́	it flows (as a river). You are
Nił	With you
ńlį́	It flows. You are
ńlínígíí	That which flows
nil- or nl-	Like an idea related to a vector field
Yilk'oołígíí	Wave
Yilk'ooł	Wave ripples
Yilk'oołígíí nahalingo bee neestł'ah	Wave-like interference
'Adinídíín	Light
Dínéest'ą́	It started to grow
Jiłąąh	to increase
Naas konadazaa	It increased again
Bee 'adiits'a'i	By which [something] can be heard or interpreted
Béésh bibee 'adiits'a'i bee jiłąąhígíí	By which the interpreter for the metal or piece of metal is increased. [Electronic] amplifier
Naalnish	Work or he is working
Naalnishii	Of which works
Ndaalnishii	Workers
Ndaalnishígíí	Worker or employee. Those that work
Béé'deetą́	Knowledge was obtained, learned, or acquired
Bénínáá'deetą́	Invented. Discovered. Found. Originated
Bénínáá'deetánígíí	That which was invented or discovered
Bighá	Through it
'ániidí	New
Nayiisnii’	To obtain or buy something (verify), used in
Béésh 'ayóo 'áłtsózí	Extremely small metal
T'áá 'ałtso	All of it or all of them
T'áá 'ałtsogo	Everywhere
T'áá 'ałtsogóó	Everywhere. In all directions
T'áá 'ałtsoní	Everything
T'áá 'áłah	Both. Both of them
T'áá 'áłajį'	Frequently. Always. All the time
T'áá 'ałch'ishdę́ę́'	From both sides
T'áá 'ałch'ishjí	On both sides
T'áá boholniihgi	Anytime. Any place. Any day
T'áá 'áłts'íísígo	Just a small piece
T'áá 'ákogi na'alkid	It is normal. He has a temperature
Hadaałt'é	It is in a proper state. Normal as it should be
Hahinidééh	They fall out one after another
'Ahąąh naaznilígíí	Those that are lying side by side
T'áá ‘ádíjį'	At its termination. The end
Béésh 'áłtsózí	Wire
Lashdóón	Ribbon
Béésh lashdóón	Metal ribbon
Béésh náhineests'ee'ígíí	Metal coil
Béésh sitán'ígíí	Metal plate
Béésh łichíí sitán'ígíí éidíígíí sik'az	Red metal that which lies [and] is cold. Copper cold plate(s)
Béésh ná'iiláahii	Magnet. Magnetic
Sitán'ígíí	That which lies (stiff, slender object)
Dibahí	Powder
Béésh ligaii dibahí	Silver powder
Béésh ligaii dibahí biyi'di	Silver powder inside of it
Tó hayiiłt'oodí	Water pump
hayiiłt'oodí	pump
Bitsiniltł'ish ádin	Neutron (no charge)
Béésh łichíí'ii bee naalnishii	By which [something] works using red metal. Electric
'atsiniltł'ish bidziil ńlínígíí	[Electrical charge] current
Bee da'diltłi'ígíí	By which lights are lit in particular. Electricity
'atsiniltł'ish bidziil ńlínígíí t'áá 'íiyisíí dabidziil or 'atsiniltł'ish bidziil 'ayóo dabidziil ńlínígíí	[Electrical charge] super current
Bee 'atsiniltł'ish bidziil ńlínígíí t'áá 'íiyisíí dabidziil or bee 'atsiniltł'ish bidziil 'ayóo dabidziil ńlínígíí	Superconductor
Béésh bee 'atsiniltł'ish bidziil ńlínígíí t'áá 'íiyisíí dabidziil	Superconducting metal
Bee ídaʼneelʼąąhí	Tape measure. Ruler. Yardstick. Something to measure by (in general)
Bee 'í'diiljeehí	Adhesive tape
Bee 'ahída'diiljeehí	Glue or solder. Something by which things can stick together
'íʼneelʼąąh	Measurement or magnitude determined by measuring
'áníłtso	Size of or as big as
'á'ádaatʼéhígíí bi bee 'ahída'diiljeehí	Glue by which elements can stick together
Bits'áda'deezdíín	Gleaming. Shining. Throwing off light
Bits'áda'deezdíingo	They are sparkling. They are shining. They are glittering
Bits'áda'di'nídíín	To shine [light or similar]
Bits'áda'di'nílííd	Glittering. Bright. Shiny
Disxǫs	Glittering
Bee 'adiits'ah'ígíí or bee 'adiits'a'ígíí	Readout
Lą'í	Much. Numerous. Many
Lą'ígo	Lots of it. Since there were many. Since there was much
Lą'ídi	Many times
Bits'áníłdoi	It gives off heat
'Ałhaa	To each other. To one another
Bee bits'áníłdoi 'ałhaaígíí	By which heat is exchanged
Yił nááhodoolnih	He will tell him again. He will relay the information to him
Doo beehaz'ą́ąda	It is forbidden
Nihídadéét'i'	We have interest in it
Bighan	His house
Ni'góó	On the ground. On the floor
Ni'góó sitį́įgo	While he lay on the ground
Shá	Radiation (in general, whether ionizing or non-ionizing depends on context)
Tóshjeehtso biih ho’dilzho’ dóó béésh ná’iiláahii bee hats'íís naalkaah dóó yida'ale'	Big barrel, while inside it, sliding, and magnetic, with it, body, study done and pictures are taken. Magnetic resonance imaging
Niłch'i łikoní	Inflammable gas
Niłch'i łikoní Hiiliiyos bijoosye'	Inflammable gas named after Helios. Helium
Niłch'i łikoní Hiiliiyos bijoosye' éí 'ayóo bił sikaz dóó siil bitoo' nahalingo	Inflammable gas named after Helios, which is extremely cold and resembles distilled water
Bił ‘ahidadii’nilę́ę	Those that were mixed. Those that were put with them
Bee ha'al'eełí	Strainer
'ábidiilyaa	He was made to be
'ádaalyaa	They were made
'Atsoos	Blood vessel(s) or nerve(s)
'Atsoos yita'	Pulse
'Atsoos yita'gi	Pulsation of
'Atsóóz	Nerves
'Atsoos łichí'ígíí	Artery (that which is red)
'Atsoos dootł'izhígíí	Vein (that which is blue)
'Atsoostsoh dootł'izhígíí	Vein (that which is blue)
'Atsoos dahiyiiye'	Varicose veins
Łe' oogeed	Storage pit or cellar
T'áá 'ííshjání	Visible. Plainly. Unmistakeable. Evidently. Conspicious
Yisk'is	To crack or be cracked. Very fine, barely visible crack
K'asdą́ą́	Almost. Nearly. About to
K'adí	That is all. That is enough. Quit it
Ho’dilzho’	To slide (on something, like a guide or rail)
Beda'alyaa	The images of it. Copies of (like photographs, statues, duplicates)
Dili'	It usually burns
Ditłi'	It is burning. It is afire
'ádił	To oneself. In company with oneself
Hináanii	The living things
Hinání	The one that lives
Wolyéii	It is called
Wolyéego	Since it is called
Saad	Word. Language. Speech
Tózis	Bottle. Jar (usually glass). Tumbler(s)
Tózis bee da'déest'į́į́'ígíí	Telescope. Bottle or glass jar in particular of which can be used for looking out
'Adéest'į́į́'	Lookout or observation point
Bee 'adéest'į́į́'	By which [one] can look out. Binocular or telescope
Hasht'e'	In order. Settled
Hasht'e dahoolyaa	They were prepared
Hasht'e danile'	You prepare them. You make them ready
Hashtedeiilyaa	We made it ready. We prepared it. We prepared them
Hanáá' bee	With one's eyes
Hastóí	Elders. Menfolk
Hastóí dahóyáanii	Scientists. Wise men. Savants
‘Ahidiníłnáago	They pass each other going in different directions
'ééhéestł'inígíí	Parts

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Non-Superconducting Metals (Normal Conductors at Low Temperature) in Navaho

English Term	Navaho Term	Literal Meaning
Metal	Béésh	Metal
Precious Metal(s)	Béésh 'ílíinii	Expensive or valuable metal(s)
Rust	ńdiniichxii'	Became red (generally used to describe rust or oxidation)
Copper (Cu)	Béésh łichíí' or béésh łichíí'ii	Red metal
Iron (Fe)	Béésh dootł'izh	Blue metal
Steel (Fe–C Alloy)	Béésh nitł'izígíí	Particular hard or inflexible metal
Stainless Steel	Béésh nitł'izígíí doo ńdiniichxíihii	Particular hard or inflexible metal that does not rust or oxidize
Gold (Au)	'óola	Gold
Silver (Ag)	Béésh łigaii	White metal
Chromium (Cr)	Béésh łibáhí bitsa'dinidiin	Gray metal that shines
Brass (Cu–Zn Alloy)	Béésh łitsoii	Yellow metal
Bronze (Cu–Sn Alloy)	Béésh dinishtsoii or béésh diniłtsoii	Dark yellow metal
Solder (Sn–Pb or Pb-free alloy)	Béésh bee 'ahída'diiljeehí	Metal glue

Superconducting Metals (Known to Become Superconductors at Low Temperature) in Navaho

English Term	Symbol	Superconductivity	Navaho Term	Literal Meaning
Aluminum	Al	*	Béésh 'ádaaszóólígíí	Particular lightweight metal
Mercury	Hg	*	Béésh tózháanii	Metal with mushy or somewhat "watery" characteristics
Lead	Pb	*	Dilyį́hí	Lead
Tin	Sn	*	Béésh kágí	Metal skin or metal hide
Titanium	Ti	*	Béésh doo ńdiniichxíihii	Metal that does not rust
Zinc	Zn	*	Béésh ditł'ooí	Hairy metal
Magnesium	Mg	(borderline) ^	Béésh Magniiziya bijoosye' or Magniiziya bibéésh	Metal named after Magnesia (Greece)
Nickel	Ni	^	Béésh Nik sání bijoosye'	Metal named after Old Nick
Tungsten	W	^	Béésh łibáhí 'ádaníłdáás	Heavy gray metal
Platinum	Pt	(no SC) → stays here if considering alloys	Béésh łigaii yázhí	Little silver or little white metal
Cobalt	Co	(no SC) but alloys SC	Béésh kaobal bijoosye'	Metal named after kobald (Germany)
Manganese	Mn	(no SC) but SC compounds exist	Béésh Manganiiziya bijoosye'	Metal named after Manganesia
Molybdenum	Mo	*	Béésh dilyį́hí nahaligo or Béésh maalib'doos bijoosye'	Lead-like metal or metal named after molybdos (Greece)
Tantalum	Ta	*	Béésh Tantalas bijoosye'	Metal named after Tantalus (Greece)
Niobium	Nb	*	Béésh Naiiyob bijoosye'	Metal named after Niob (Greece)
Palladium	Pd	^	Béésh Balas bijoosye'	Metal named after Pallas (Greece)
Rhodium	Rh	^	Béésh chǫǫ bijoosye'	Metal named after a rose (Greece)
Ruthenium	Ru	*	Béésh Wootiiniya bijoosye'	Metal named after Ruthenia (Greece)
Iridium	Ir	^	Béésh nááts'íílid	Rainbow metal
Gallium	Ga	*	Béésh Galiya bijoosye'	Metal named after Gallia (France)
Indium	In	*	Béésh taos'nii' nahalingo	Dough-like metal
Cadmium	Cd	*	Béésh Kadmiya bijoosye'	Metal named after Cadmea (Greece)

(legend: * = ambient pressure superconductivity, ^ = superconductivity only under high pressure) When a metal is named after a noun: Béésh bijoosye' or bibéésh = Metal named after (additional context)

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  Periodic Table of Elemental Superconductors  (2025)                                                  

 1  H                                                         He
 2  Li* Be*                                 B^  C   N   O^   F   Ne
 3  Na  Mg   Al*  Si^  P^  S^   Cl  Ar
 4  K^  Ca^  Sc^  Ti*  V*  Cr   Mn  Fe^  Co  Ni  Cu  Zn*  Ga*  Ge^  As^  Se^  Br^  Kr
 5  Rb^ Sr^  Y^   Zr*  Nb*  Mo*  Tc* Ru*  Rh* Pd  Ag  Cd*  In*  Sn*  Sb^  Te^  I^   Xe
 6  Cs^ Ba^  La*  Hf*  Ta*  W*   Re* Os*  Ir* Pt  Au  Hg*  Tl*  Pb*  Bi*  Po   At   Rn
              ─────────────── Lanthanides ───────────────        ── Actinides ──
              Ce^  Pr   Nd   Pm   Sm   Eu   Gd   Tb   Dy   Ho   Er   Tm   Yb^  Lu^
                    Th*  Pa*  U*   Np   Pu   Am*

legend:  *  superconducts at ≈ 0 GPa (ambient)          ^  superconducts only under high pressure
            (blank)  no superconductivity yet confirmed in the pure element

Table of Metal Etymologies in English (To Help with Translation if The Metal Hasn't Been Translated in Navaho)

Z	Symbol	Element	Superconducting Note	Origin type	Etymology (basis)	Discovery (year)	Place
1	H	Hydrogen	^	Property/Composition	Greek hydro “water” + genes “forming”	1766	UK
2	He	Helium		Celestial/Mythology	Greek helios “sun”	1895 (isolation)	UK
3	Li	Lithium	*	Mineral/Geology	Greek lithos “stone”	1817	Sweden
4	Be	Beryllium	*	Mineral	From beryl (beryllos)	1798	France
5	B	Boron	^	Mineral	From borax (via Arabic būrāq)	1808	UK/France
6	C	Carbon		Material	Latin carbo “coal”	Ancient	—
7	N	Nitrogen		Property/Composition	nitron + genes “niter-former”	1772	Scotland
8	O	Oxygen		Property/Composition	oxys + genes “acid-former”	1774	UK/Sweden/France
9	F	Fluorine		Mineral/Process	fluor (flux; fluorite)	1886	France
10	Ne	Neon		Property	Greek neos “new”	1898	UK
11	Na	Sodium	^	Mineral/Material	From soda; symbol from natrium	1807	UK
12	Mg	Magnesium		Place	Magnesia (Greece)	1808	UK
13	Al	Aluminum	*	Mineral	Latin alumen “alum”	1825	Denmark
14	Si	Silicon	^	Mineral	Latin silex/silicis “flint”	1824	Sweden
15	P	Phosphorus	^	Phenomenon	Greek phōs-phoros “light-bringer”	1669	Germany
16	S	Sulfur	^	Material	Latin sulfur (brimstone)	Ancient	—
17	Cl	Chlorine		Property/Appearance	Greek chlōros “pale green”	1774	Sweden
18	Ar	Argon		Property/Behavior	Greek argos “inactive”	1894	UK
19	K	Potassium	^	Material	potash; symbol from kalium	1807	UK
20	Ca	Calcium	^	Material	Latin calx “lime”	1808	UK
21	Sc	Scandium	^	Place	Scandinavia	1879	Sweden
22	Ti	Titanium	*	Mythology	the Titans	1791	UK
23	V	Vanadium	*	Mythology	Vanadis (Freyja)	1801	Mexico (re-ID 1830 Sweden)
24	Cr	Chromium	^	Property/Appearance	Greek chroma “color”	1797	France
25	Mn	Manganese		Mineral	from magnesia/manganesia	1774	Sweden
26	Fe	Iron	^	Germanic (symbol Latin)	Old English īsern/iren < Proto-Germanic *isarną; symbol from Latin ferrum	Ancient	—
27	Co	Cobalt		Mythology/Folklore	German Kobold “goblin”	1735	Sweden
28	Ni	Nickel		Mythology/Folklore	from Kupfernickel “Old Nick’s copper”	1751	Sweden
29	Cu	Copper		Place	Latin cuprum “Cyprus” (via Old English coper)	Ancient	—
30	Zn	Zinc	*	Property/Appearance	German Zink (possibly “prong/tooth”)	1746	Germany
31	Ga	Gallium	*	Place/Region	Latin Gallia “Gaul/France”	1875	France
32	Ge	Germanium	^	Place/Region	Latin Germania “Germany”	1886	Germany
33	As	Arsenic	^	Mineral	Greek arsenikon (orpiment)	Ancient/Medieval	—
34	Se	Selenium	^	Celestial/Mythology	Greek selene “moon”	1817	Sweden
35	Br	Bromine		Property/Smell	Greek brōmos “stench”	1826	France
36	Kr	Krypton		Property	Greek kryptos “hidden”	1898	UK
37	Rb	Rubidium	^	Property/Color	Latin rubidus “deep red”	1861	Germany
38	Sr	Strontium	^	Place	Strontian, Scotland	1790	Scotland
39	Y	Yttrium	^	Place	Ytterby, Sweden	1794	Finland (Åbo/Turku)
40	Zr	Zirconium	*	Mineral	from zircon (Persian zargun)	1789	Germany
41	Nb	Niobium	*	Mythology	Niobe	1801	UK
42	Mo	Molybdenum	*	Mineral	Greek molybdos “lead-like”	1778	Sweden
43	Tc	Technetium	*	Concept/Process	Greek technetos “artificial”	1937	Italy
44	Ru	Ruthenium	*	Place/Region	Latin Ruthenia “Russia”	1844	Russia
45	Rh	Rhodium	^	Property/Color	Greek rhodon “rose”	1803	UK
46	Pd	Palladium	^	Celestial/Mythology	asteroid Pallas (Athena)	1803	UK
47	Ag	Silver		Germanic (symbol Latin)	Old English seolfor < Proto-Germanic *silubrą; symbol from Latin argentum	Ancient	—
48	Cd	Cadmium	*	Mineral	from cadmia (calamine)	1817	Germany
49	In	Indium	*	Property/Color	indigo spectral line	1863	Germany
50	Sn	Tin	*	Germanic (symbol Latin)	Old English tin < Proto-Germanic *tinom; symbol from Latin stannum	Ancient	—
51	Sb	Antimony	^	Mineral/Classical	from stibium (stibnite); origin of “antimony” uncertain	Ancient/Medieval	—
52	Te	Tellurium	^	Concept/Earth	Latin tellus “earth”	1782	Transylvania (now Romania)
53	I	Iodine		Property/Color	Greek ioeides “violet”	1811	France
54	Xe	Xenon		Property	Greek xenos “strange”	1898	UK
55	Cs	Cesium	^	Property/Color	Latin caesius “sky-blue”	1860	Germany
56	Ba	Barium	^	Property	Greek barys “heavy”	1808	UK
57	La	Lanthanum	*	Property	Greek lanthanein “lie hidden”	1839	Sweden
58	Ce	Cerium	^	Celestial	dwarf planet Ceres	1803	Sweden/Germany
59	Pr	Praseodymium	^	Property/Color	prasios “green” + didymos “twin”	1885	Austria
60	Nd	Neodymium	^	Concept	neos “new” + didymos “twin”	1885	Austria
61	Pm	Promethium	—	Mythology	Prometheus	1945	USA (Oak Ridge)
62	Sm	Samarium	^	Person (via mineral)	Samarsky-Bykhovets (via samarskite)	1879	France
63	Eu	Europium	^	Place/Region	Europe	1896	France
64	Gd	Gadolinium		Person	J. Gadolin	1880	Switzerland (Geneva)
65	Tb	Terbium		Place	Ytterby, Sweden	1843	Sweden
66	Dy	Dysprosium		Property	Greek dysprositos “hard to get”	1886	France
67	Ho	Holmium		Place	Holmia (Stockholm)	1878	Sweden
68	Er	Erbium		Place	Ytterby, Sweden	1843	Sweden
69	Tm	Thulium		Mythic geography	Thule (far north)	1879	Sweden
70	Yb	Ytterbium	^	Place	Ytterby, Sweden	1878	Switzerland
71	Lu	Lutetium	^	Place	Lutetia (Paris)	1907	France
72	Hf	Hafnium	*	Place	Hafnia (Copenhagen)	1923	Denmark
73	Ta	Tantalum	*	Mythology	Tantalus	1802	Sweden
74	W	Tungsten	^	Mineral/Name history	Swedish “tung sten” (heavy stone); symbol from wolfram	1783	Spain
75	Re	Rhenium	*	Place	Rhenus (Rhine)	1925	Germany
76	Os	Osmium	*	Property/Smell	Greek osme “smell”	1803	UK
77	Ir	Iridium	*	Property/Color	Greek iris “rainbow”	1803	UK
78	Pt	Platinum		Property/Material	Spanish platina “little silver”	1735	South America (Colombia)
79	Au	Gold		Germanic (symbol Latin)	Old English gold < Proto-Germanic *gulþą; symbol from Latin aurum	Ancient	—
80	Hg	Mercury	*	Mythology/Name history	Roman Mercury; symbol from hydrargyrum	Ancient	—
81	Tl	Thallium	*	Property/Color	Greek thallos “green shoot”	1861	UK
82	Pb	Lead	*	Germanic (symbol Latin)	Old English lead < Proto-Germanic *lauda-; symbol from Latin plumbum	Ancient	—
83	Bi	Bismuth	*	Material/Name history	German Wismut (“white mass”)	Medieval	—
84	Po	Polonium		Place/Region	Poland	1898	France
85	At	Astatine		Property/Stability	Greek astatos “unstable”	1940	USA
86	Rn	Radon		Derivative/Other	from radium + “-on”	1900	Germany
87	Fr	Francium		Place/Region	France	1939	France
88	Ra	Radium		Property/Phenomenon	Latin radius “ray”	1898	France
89	Ac	Actinium		Property/Phenomenon	Greek aktis “ray”	1899	France
90	Th	Thorium	*	Mythology	Thor	1828	Sweden
91	Pa	Protactinium	*	Concept/Relation	“parent of actinium”	1917	Germany
92	U	Uranium	*	Celestial	planet Uranus	1789	Germany
93	Np	Neptunium	^	Celestial	planet Neptune	1940	USA
94	Pu	Plutonium	^	Celestial	(then-planet) Pluto	1940	USA
95	Am	Americium	^	Place/Region	the Americas	1944	USA
96	Cm	Curium	—	Person	Marie & Pierre Curie	1944	USA
97	Bk	Berkelium	—	Place	Berkeley	1949	USA
98	Cf	Californium	—	Place	California	1950	USA
99	Es	Einsteinium	—	Person	Albert Einstein	1952	Enewetak Atoll (US test)
100	Fm	Fermium	—	Person	Enrico Fermi	1952	Enewetak Atoll (US test)
101	Md	Mendelevium	—	Person	D. I. Mendeleev	1955	USA
102	No	Nobelium	—	Person	Alfred Nobel	1966 (credit)	USSR (Dubna)
103	Lr	Lawrencium	—	Person	E. O. Lawrence	1961	USA
104	Rf	Rutherfordium	—	Person	Ernest Rutherford	1969 (contested)	USA / USSR
105	Db	Dubnium	—	Place	Dubna	1967	USSR
106	Sg	Seaborgium	—	Person	Glenn T. Seaborg	1974	USA
107	Bh	Bohrium	—	Person	Niels Bohr	1981	Germany
108	Hs	Hassium	—	Place/Region	Hesse (Hassia)	1984	Germany
109	Mt	Meitnerium	—	Person	Lise Meitner	1982	Germany
110	Ds	Darmstadtium	—	Place	Darmstadt	1994	Germany
111	Rg	Roentgenium	—	Person	W. C. Röntgen	1994	Germany
112	Cn	Copernicium	—	Person	N. Copernicus	1996	Germany
113	Nh	Nihonium	—	Place	Nihon (= Japan)	2004/2012	Japan (RIKEN)
114	Fl	Flerovium	—	Person	G. N. Flerov	1998	Russia–USA
115	Mc	Moscovium	—	Place/Region	Moscow oblast	2003	Russia–USA
116	Lv	Livermorium	—	Place	Lawrence Livermore	2000	Russia–USA
117	Ts	Tennessine	—	Place/Region	Tennessee	2010	Russia–USA
118	Og	Oganesson	—	Person	Yuri Oganessian	2006	Russia–USA

   legend:  *  superconducts at ≈ 0 GPa (ambient)          ^  superconducts only under high pressure
            (blank)  no superconductivity yet confirmed in the pure element

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Partial Electromagnetic Spectrum in Navaho

English Term	Navaho Term	Literal Meaning
Radiation	Shá or hatsoo'algha k'aa	Radiation in general, whether ionizing or non-ionizing (depends on context). It uses its tongue or his tongue to produce extreme arrows or poisonous effects
Light	'Adinídíín	Light
Visible rays	Shá dahoot'į́ígíí or shá eii dahoot'į́ígíí	Radiation by which there is visibility. (Could be used to explain visibility techniques beyond the detectibility of the human eye)
Wave	Yilk'oołígíí	That particular ripple
X-rays	'Aghá'deeldlaad or shá 'aghá'deeldlaad	An extreme projection
Gamma rays	'Aghá'deeldlaad t'áá 'íiyisíí dabidziil or shá 'aghá'deeldlaad t'áá 'íiyisíí dabidziil	An extreme projection that is truly strong
Extreme ultraviolet [light] rays	'Aghá'deeldlaad t'áá bíyó tsídídééh nahalingo or shá 'aghá'deeldlaad t'áá bíyó tsídídééh nahalingo	Extreme projection that is barely purple-like
Ultraviolet [light] rays	Shá t'áá bíyó tsídídééh nahalingo	Radiation that is barely purple-like

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Brief Medical/ Biological Research vs. Quantum Hardware Terminology

Navaho Term	English Term
Bee níl'íní	By means of the one that is used to see by you. Viewing instrument or tool.
Ch'osh doo yit'íinii bee níl'íní	By means of the one that is used to see by you on insects that cannot be seen. Viewing instrument for invisible bugs. Biological microscope.
'á'ádaatʼéhígíí doo yit'íinii bee níl'íní	By means of the one that is used to see by you on fundamental or elemental objects [such as an atom] that cannot be seen. Viewing instrument for atoms, which are invisible to the naked eye. Electron microscope, scanning probe microscope, ion microscope, X-ray microscope, super-resolution microscope, and others with nanoscale, atomic, or near-atomic scale resolution.
Tóshjeehtso biih ho’dilzho’ dóó béésh ná’iiláahii bee hats'íís naalkaah dóó yida'ale'	Big barrel, while inside it, [there is a] sliding [mechanism], and magnets with it, by which a study is done and pictures are taken of one's body. [Biological] magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) [technique].
Tóshjeehtso biih ho’dilzho’ dóó béésh ná’iiláahii bee hináanii dóó t'áádoole'é ndaaznilí t'áá 'áłah naalkaah dóó yida'ale'	Big barrel, while inside it, [there is a] sliding [mechanism], and magnets with it, by which a study is done, and pictures are taken of living things or anything that is an inanimate grouped object. [General] magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) [technique].
Bee na'anishí hináanii dóó t'áádoole'é ndaaznilí yida'ale' kindę́ę́' bááh neheeshgizh nahalingo hahinidééh	Apparatus by which pictures are taken of living things or anything that is an inanimate grouped object, similar to sliced bread from the store or shop, that falls out after one another. Computed Tomography (CT) [technique].
'Agháda' dildlaadí	Examine with an X-ray tool.
Naʼalkid	Temperature or time (depending on context)
Dįį' bich'į'go naʼalkid Kelvin da'azjah	4 degrees Kelvin
Bee 'azk'azi	Refrigerator. By which [something] is made or kept cold
T'áádoole'é 'ádaal'į́įgi	A factory [of things]
T'áádoole'é nabíhonitaah bee 'azk'azi	Refrigerator for experiment. Measurement refrigerator or experimental measurement refrigerator
T’áádoole’é nabíhonitaah bee ‘azk’azi ni'góó sizínígíí	Refrigerator for experiment, the one standing on the floor. Floor standing experimental measurement fridge
T’áádoole’é nabíhonitaah bee ‘azk’azi tsoh	Large refrigerator for experiment. Large experimental measurement refrigerator
T’áádoole’é nabíhonitaah t'óshjeehtso bee ‘azk’azi ni'góó sizínígíí or t’áádoole’é nabíhonitaah bee ‘azk’azi ni'góó sizínígíí t'áadoo bitoo'	Refrigerator for experiment, the one standing on the floor. Floor standing experimental measurement fridge.
T’áádoole’é nabíhonitaah bee t'óshjeehtso góne' honeezk'az or t'óshjeehtso góne' honeezk'az Dewar bijoosye'	A big barrel where something is kept cold for experiment(s). Experimental measurement cold keeping barrel. Dewar (large Thermos)
T'óshjeeh góne' honeezk'az	Barrel where it [something] is kept cold

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The Initial, General Plans for This Repository Based on Onri's Prelimary Contributions:
✅ Generate a table of Navaho characters in Unicode.
✅ "The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog" example in Navaho.
✅ Chart formation blueprint.
✅ Cyrillic example for "blue" and "bee" in Navaho.
✅ Generate a table of hardware-related words & phrases by Onri that need to be converted into digital text.
✅ Label tunnel junctions & physical qubit components in Navaho, may include original electron micrographs & renderings in Blender. Generate device 3D models intended for comparison with micrographs.
✅ Explore draw-to-text features for Navaho characters referencing Unicode.
🔳 Quantum device spectroscopy, reflectometry, & benchmarking terms in Navaho.
🔳 Incorporation of hybrid qubit terms, able to future support quantum hardware publication.
🔳 Potential descriptions of fractals & recursion.
🔳 Potential contributions to Qiskit/ Qiskit Metal documentation in Navaho (from paper to GitHub pull requests).
🔳 QPU-Based Linguistics/ Semantic-Shift Simulation (Google Colab)
✅ GPU-Accelerated Linguistics/ Semantic-Shift Simulation (Google Colab)

The next table is more formal and organized to allow for team member contribution from the funded version of the the project.

Project Roles for Onri's Navaho Linguistics for QHW Education Team (July – October 2025)

#	Project Deliverable	Core Participants	Current Status
1	Language-Tree Formation for the Team	Onri, Noah, Mural, Mohamad	Completed
2	Category-Based Cryostat/ Dilution-Fridge Image Collection	Onri, Noah, Mural, Mohamad	Completed
3	General Geometry (2-D/ 3-D) Terminology Table	Onri, Mohamad, Mural	Completed
4	Brief Electromagnetic-Spectrum Terminology Table	Onri, Mohamad	Completed
5	English-Braille → Navaho-Braille Conversion for Linguistics & Quantum-Ed. (3-D-printing involved)	Onri, Noah	Completed
6	Brief Medical-Hardware vs Quantum-Hardware Terminology Table	Onri, Mural, Mohamad	Completed
7	Blender 3-D Model of Basic Quantum Devices/ Cryogenic Chambers	Onri, Mohamad, Mural	Completed
8	Pseudo-Device + Layouts: Basic SEM/ High-Res LASER 3-D Imaging Shrinkwrapping in Blender	Onri	Partially Completed
9	LaTeX Documentation of the Project (Overleaf + TikZ)	Onri	Completed
10	Non-Superconducting Metals Terminology Table	Onri	Completed
11	Superconducting Metals Terminology Table	Onri	Completed
12	Poster of Normal and Superconducting Metals in Navaho	Onri	Completed

A reasonable goal is to be able to complete 3 to 4 deliverables per month. Employ the leap frog approach, by working on at least 2 deliverables simulataneously, but at a different paces each.

Notes:

• The Cryostats to be rendered for later labeling should be focused on the large-frame DR, floor standing cryostat (cryogen-free PPMS-type), and floor standing cryostat (liquid cryogen Dewar type).
• Send cryogenic coils and other curved objects as blend files to Mohamad and Mural.

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Language Trees for the Team

• Native-Level or Fluent: can fully self-translate and interpret fluidly, with little to no errors.
• High Comprehension: can read, listen, speak or write, and even translate, with occasional errors.
• Intermediate Receptive: can read, listen, and possibly speak some phrases up to a limit.
• Rudimentary Comprehension: can listen and pick out isolated words, with limited to no exposure.

Onri’s Language Tree

• Navaho (Native-Level)
  • Other Athabaskan Languages
    • Western Apache (High Comprehension)
    • Chiricahua Apache (High Comprehension)
    • Other Dene languages (High Comprehension)
• English (Native-Level)
  • Other Germanic Languages
    • West Germanic
      • German (Intermediate Receptive)
    • North Germanic
      • Swedish (Intermediate Receptive)
• Russian (High Comprehension)
  • Other Slavic Languages
    • East Slavic
      • Ukrainian (Intermediate Receptive)
      • Belarusian (Intermediate Receptive)
    • West Slavic
      • Polish (Intermediate Receptive)
    • South Slavic
      • Serbian (Intermediate Receptive)

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Noah’s Language Tree

• Korean (Native-Level)
  • Other Korean Languages
    • Chungcheong (High Comprehension)
    • Jeolla (High Comprehension)
    • Gyeongsang (High Comprehension)
    • Gangwon (High Comprehension)
    • Jeju (High Comprehension)
• English (Native-Level)

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Mohamad’s Language Tree

• Arabic (Native-Level)
  • Other Arabic Languages
    • Sudanese Arabic (Native-Level)
• English (Native-Level)

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Mural’s Language Tree

• English (Native-Level)
• Somali (Native-Level)

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Cryostats & Dilution Refrigerators on the Market

(For more information, see the following document: Cryostat Market)

CRYOGENIC VESSELS
├─ Passive Vessels (no active temp control)
│   └─ Dewars [L] [vacuum-insulated storage]
│       ├─ Static/ Storage Dewar [L]
│       ├─ Transport Dewar (road/ air) [L]
│       └─ Open "bucket" Dewar (bench-top dip) [L]
│
└─ Cryostats (active temp control)
    ├─ Liquid-Filled Platforms [L]
    │   ├─ Bath Cryostat [L]
    │   │   ├─ LN2 bath (~77 K) [L]
    │   │   └─ LHe bath (4.2 K; pumped 1 K pot) [L]
    │   └─ Continuous-Flow Cryostat (4 K – 300 K; fed from external Dewar) [L]
    ├─ Closed-Cycle Platforms "Dry" [D]
    │   ├─ Gifford–McMahon (GM) head (≈ 2 – 4 K) [D]
    │   └─ Pulse-Tube (PT) head (≈ 2 – 4 K; low vibration) [D]
    │       └─ Dilution Refrigerator (< 10 mK) [D‡]
    └─ Ultra-Low-T Inserts (mount on any 2–4 K stage)
        ├─ DR inserts [L/D]
        ├─ ADR/ PDR 50 – 100 mK [L/D]
        ├─ 3He Sorption Cooler 250 – 400 mK [L/D]
        └─ Pumped-4He 1 K Stage/ VTI [L/D]

Legend  
[L] Requires stored liquid cryogen 
[D] Cryogen-free mechanical (GM or PT) cooler  
[L/D] Available in both wet-dipstick and dry bolt-on versions  
[D‡] > 90 % of new DRs ship cryogen-free; a few legacy wet dip-stick units still exist

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Form-Factor Families ─ Dilution Refrigerators/ Non-Dilution Cryostats/ Paired Dewar Vessels 
├─ Table-Top/ Insert  (< 0.5 m²)
│   ├─ DR  attocube  attoDRY-800/ -1100
│   ├─ DR  Cryogenic Ltd  STM-insert DRs (UHV tubes)
│   └─ Dewar  KGW-Isotherm  lab borosilicate/ stainless hybrids  (< 30 L)
│
├─ Ultra-Compact Floor  (≈ 0.6 – 0.8 m²)
│   ├─ DR  Bluefors  Ultra-Compact LD  (≤ 300 mm plate)
│   ├─ DR  Maybell  The Fridge  (≤ 10 mK; > 500 µW @ 100 mK; > 35 L below MXC; compact square footprint)
│   └─ Dewar  Statebourne Cryolab & CryoCycl  LN₂ micro-bulk  (30 – 60 L)
│
├─ Compact Floor-Standing  (≈ 1 m²)
│   ├─ DR  Bluefors  LD/ SD
│   ├─ DR  FormFactor-HPD  JDry-400  ·  LF-400
│   ├─ DR  Oxford Instruments  Proteox S
│   ├─ DR  Quantum Design  PPMS DynaCool + DR insert
│   ├─ Non-DR  Quantum Design  PPMS DynaCool  (no DR insert)
│   ├─ Non-DR  Quantum Design  VersaLab 
│   ├─ Non-DR  Quantum Design  MPMS-3 SQUID
│   └─ Dewar  Cryofab  CMSH  liquid-helium Dewars  (20 – 500 L)
│
├─ Large-Frame  (≥ 1 m²)
│   ├─ DR  Bluefors  XLD/  XL
│   ├─ DR  FormFactor-HPD  XLF-600
│   ├─ DR  Oxford Instruments  Proteox MX/  LX
│   ├─ DR  ICE Oxford  DRY-ICE Eden
│   ├─ DR  Zero Point Cryogenics  Model L
│   ├─ DR  Leiden Cryogenics  CF-CS-XXL/ 1 m plate
│   ├─ DR  Maybell  The Big Fridge  (> 130 L below MXC)
│   └─ Dewar  Wessington  PV/ TPV tanks  ·  Cryo Diffusion  LO/ CDB series  (> 1,000 L)
│
└─ Data-Center/ XXL  (> 1.4 m² · multi-PT stacks)
    ├─ DR  Bluefors  KIDE  (1.6 m² flange)
    ├─ DR  Cryoconcept  HEXA-DRY XXL  (Ø 800 mm)
    ├─ DR  QuantumCTek  EZ-Q  (mass-production line)
    ├─ DR  ULVAC  next-gen DR  (IBM co-design, slated ≥ 2026)
    └─ Dewar  Taiyo Nippon Sanso  bulk LN₂ tanks  ·  Sumitomo (SHI) GM-precooled LHe vessels

DR: Dilution Refrigerator
MXC: Mixing Chamber

Additional Notes on Passive Cryogenic Vessels

Passive‑vessel subtype	Common cryogens†	Practical temperature floor*	Core thermal/ safety constraints
Open “bucket” (wide‑mouth Dewar)	LN₂, LAr (occasionally LO₂ for spot cleaning)	77 K (LN₂)/ 87 K (LAr)	Violent bubbling on warm insertion; splash, frost & rapid O₂ enrichment; zero over‑pressure protection — must remain vented (ehs.lbl.gov)
Static storage Dewar (bench or floor, non‑pressurized)	LN₂, LAr, LO₂, LHe (with LN₂ shield)	4.2 K for LHe (inner can) ≈ 77 K for LN₂ shield	Multilayer insulation (MLI) plus <10⁻⁵ mbar vacuum to limit radiative & gaseous conduction loads; vented neck to avoid plug ice; shield‑fill adds ≈1 W latent load per liter (americanmagnetics.com, EHRS)
Transport Dewar/ ISO tank (road, sea, or air certified)	LN₂, LHe, LH₂ (ISO‑T75)	4.2 K (LHe)/ 20.3 K (LH₂)	Must survive continuous vibration & shocks (ADR, IMDG, IATA); dual or triple pressure‑relief trains sized for full flash; seismic‑stop frame & slosh‑baffle for air cargo (Wessington, cryotherminc.com, ehs.lbl.gov)

†LO₂ and LH₂ add powerful oxidizer/flammability hazards and are therefore restricted to specially cleaned, oxygen‑compatible or hydrogen‑compatible hardware. *Temperature “floor” means the minimum bath temperature achievable at 1 atm with pure, saturated liquid of the listed cryogen(s).

• Thermos™: commercial trademark (1904) for consumer Dewars (vacuum insulated flask); illustrates the generalization of the scientific invention.
• Cryostat: a portmanteau of Greek κρύος (kryos, “frost”) + -stat (“to make stand, hold”), literally “cold-keeper.”
• Dewar or Dewar flask: is essentially an ultra-efficient, vacuum-insulated “thermos.” Dewar is named after its inventor, Sir James Dewar (1842-1923).
• Open Dewars become impractical for helium because superfluid He-II (below 2.17 K) can “creep” up walls (Rollin film) and escape.
• For millikelvin work, you attach an insert (e.g., dilution refrigerator) to a 4 K flange.
• Some modern laboratories skip stored liquids entirely by tying the “Cryostat” branch’s pulse-tube coolers straight to a helium-recovery compressor; nevertheless, Dewars are still ubiquitous for transport, purge, and backup.
• Dilution (as in “dilution refrigerator”): from Latin diluere “to wash away/thin out,” via the French term “dilution”. In a dilution refrigerator the thinning of a ³He-rich phase into a ⁴He-rich phase at ≈ 0.87 K absorbs heat (enthalpy of mixing), allowing continuous cooling to <10 mK. The idea was proposed by Heinz London (1951) and first realized experimentally by the Cambridge–Oxford collaboration in the early 1960s; the term “dilution refrigerator” cemented itself as the technology matured through the 1970s.

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What a “Chandelier” Really Is (With Some Examples)

Term	OEM language	Function
XLDsl Dilution Refrigerator Measurement System	Marketed as a cryogen-free DR measurement system with large experimental space.	The entire fridge (including still, heat-exchangers, mixing chamber) is already inside the vacuum can.
High-Density Wiring (side-load or top-load)	Bluefors calls the modular wiring loom “High-Density Wiring,” compatible with XLD.	Provides hundreds of coax/twisted-pair lines; resembles a metallic “chandelier.”
Colloquial “chandelier”	Community photos and forum threads show the gold-plated wiring tree hanging from the mixing chamber.	Visual nickname, not a refrigeration stage.

Key idea: the chandelier is part of the wiring infrastructure, not the refrigeration insert. You can call it a high-density wiring chassis, a modular loom that brings hundreds of coax, twisted-pair, optical fiber, or ribbon lines down to the mixing-chamber plate. In Bluefors systems the dilution unit is permanently integrated; users add or swap chandeliers (wiring modules, attenuators, filters) to suit qubit count, signal bandwidth, or device technology.

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How to Tell an Insert from a Wiring Tree/ Chassis

Indicator	Dilution Refrigerator Insert	Wiring “Chandelier”
Contains still, heat-exchangers, mixing chamber	Yes	No
Circulates ³He/⁴He mixture	Yes	No
Must connect to gas-handling system	Yes	No
Bolts to 50 mK plate; routes cables & attenuators	Optional plate on bottom	Primary purpose
Delivered as stand-alone module for a pre-existing 4 K cryostat	DynaCool DR insert (dry)	N/A—comes with chassis

Google Drive for Saved Images of Cryostats and More

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Indigenous American/ Native American Languages on Google Translate as of 2025:

Supported in Google Translate	Not Supported
Quechua, Guarani, Aymara, Nahuatl (Eastern Huasteca), Inuktut	Navaho/ Navajo, Cherokee, Cree, Ojibwe, & most U.S. Native languages

With the framework produced in this repository, it may be possible to provide the data neccessary to train machines on at least the translation of technical terms, such as quantum technology.

Additionally, a GPU-accelerated semantic shift simulation was produced initially in English by Onri, but can be expanded to the Navaho/ Navajo linguistics framework and compared with Onri's own translation examples for fine-tuning.

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In summer of 2024, the thought of exploring Navajo/ Navaho Braille together with Nemeth (Braille mathematics) came to mind. Although advanced mathematics topics are covered using Nemeth, it would be interesting to see it combined with Navaho/ Navajo Braille to express terms used in quantum mechanics and quantum computing. I created a simple tool to help with this idea based on Braille dot generation for expressing quantum mechanics equations and terms: https://github.com/OJB-Quantum/LaTeX-to-Nemeth-Braille-to-SVG

If a language relies less on phonetics or pronunciation based on the spelling, then it is apparent that it requires more memorization. The memorization is of association of pronunciation with a particularly spelled word.

Based on some deductive reasoning, this would mean that languages that are heavily phonetic require less memorization of the association mentioned above. However, for languages that are heavily weighted on speaking rather than writing, would require relatively even more memorization.

Note: Unicode is mentioned in this project due to its convenience of character generation when one desires to correctly spell Navaho words. This form of character generation may provide a robust sequence of protocols for practical language usage in digital form, further strengthening any future initiatives to automate Navaho translation. Another interesting thing is that there are Navaho medical documentation on instrumentation that may be helpful in translating hardware-related topics. This includes microscopes and other advanced spectroscopy techniques in Navaho that we can borrow ideas from for this project.

A recent paper was published on large language model (LLM) identification of Navaho characters with 100% accuracy. This is big news because this project has so far produced a whole Navaho unicode table already, which could be used for efforts on getting the Navaho language and more native North American languages on Google Translate. Here are two links to the 2025 paper: Association for Computational Linguistics, Dartmouth College

Quantum Hardware Engineering Resources For Reference

Private Link for Onri's Quantum Team to Translation Table Elements
Navaho Translation Table - Onri's Quantum Hardware Team @UMN

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Navajo Braille Table on Wiki
Navajo Braille Code
List of Miscellaneous Symbols in Braille
List of Matrix Terms in Braille
List of Greek Symbols in Braille
List of Vector Terms in Braille
List of Integral Terms in Braille
List of Partial Derivative Terms in Braille
List of Logic Operator Terms in Braille
Unified English Braille (UEB) Table of Contents

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Clickable links to supplementary material:
Navaho vs. Navajo Navaho vs. Navajo
Navaho Wiktionary by Wikimedia Foundation
Navaho Wikipedia
Navaho Glossary
Navaho in Latin Script
Navaho in Cyrillic Script
Navaho Language Audio Sample Narrated by Onri
Navaho Sound Profiles
Navaho Language Samples
Navaho Grammar on Wikipedia
Navaho Lemmas
Navaho Morphemes
Navaho Roots
Navaho Prefixes
Navaho Suffixes
Navaho Particles
Navaho Pronouns
Navaho Postpositions
Navaho Grammar Material
Navaho Audio Dictionary
Navaho Biological Sciences Terminology - "Project ENABLE"
Navaho Linguistics Material and History on the Internet Archive
Navaho Linguistics Archive at MIT
Basic 3D-Printable Cryostat for Educational Purposes
Introduction to Linguistics, MIT OCW
More Linguistics Courses, MIT OCW
Linguistics Crashcourse on YouTube, TrevTutor
Linguistic Diversity, What For?, Coursera

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A few examples of Onri's contributions to English-Navaho dictionary on Glosbe:
Electron spin
Intervals
His/her brain
Oak

(There is a longer list of the translations I made, which will soon be uploaded in the folders above).

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Below are some figures of O.J.B.'s Navaho/ Navajo two-part translation model:

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Dilution Fridge Measurement System Schematic

Borrowed from: Gao et al., Practical Guide for Building Superconducting Quantum Devices PRX Quantum 2, 040202 (2021)
https://doi.org/10.1103/PRXQuantum.2.040202
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/

Note: Navaho translation for cryogenic dilution fridge is coming soon...

Bluefors XLDsl Dilution Refrigerator (Pulse Tube XL Floor Type)

Rendered in Blender.

Jopesphson Junctions on a Chip Layout, Next to a Flux Line

Rendered in Blender.

Simplified Quantum Computing Workflow

Image courtesy of Dr. Olivia Lanes via Qiskit on YouTube.

Gate-Based Quantum Computing Workflow

Showing classical data inputs and classical data outputs, which should be paid close attention to if one desires to build a real quantum computer. Note that one of the main goals in the practical setup of quantum computers is the manipulation of “the quantum object”, which is a size-dependent device or atomic structure, with a natural or designed resonance frequency. This also means that it is typically placed under isolated physical conditions as well (e.g. refrigeration, vacuum sealing, radiation shielding, etc.). Courtesy of Olivier Ezratty’s Understanding Quantum Technologies 2024 book.

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To access the full PDF booklet, click here.

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Google Colab Notebook Demonstrating the UTF-8 Encoding of the Navaho Language Characters
Navaho to UTF-8

Navaho/ Navajo Character to UTF-8 Encoding by O.J.B. Click here for PDF.

Click here to view Onri's full markdown script of the Navaho/ Navajo-Character-to-UTF-8 Encoding table.

Click here to view or download Onri's Navaho/ Navajo Character-to-UTF-8 Encoding Google Sheets file.

Click here to view or download the Python script as a Jupyter Notebook of the Navaho/ Navajo Character-to-UTF-8 Encoding.

Navaho Character	[UTF-8] "U+" Notation	[UTF-8] "\u" Notation
A	U+0041	\u0041
a	U+0061	\u0061
B	U+0042	\u0042
b	U+0062	\u0062
Ch	U+0043 U+0068	\u0043\u0068
ch	U+0063 U+0068	\u0063\u0068
Ch'	U+0043 U+0068 U+0027	\u0043\u0068\u0027
ch'	U+0063 U+0068 U+0027	\u0063\u0068\u0027
D	U+0044	\u0044
d	U+0064	\u0064
Dl	U+0044 U+006C	\u0044\u006C
dl	U+0064 U+006C	\u0064\u006C
Dz	U+0044 U+007A	\u0044\u007A
dz	U+0064 U+007A	\u0064\u007A
E	U+0045	\u0045
e	U+0065	\u0065
G	U+0047	\u0047
g	U+0067	\u0067
Gh	U+0047 U+0068	\u0047\u0068
gh	U+0067 U+0068	\u0067\u0068
H	U+0048	\u0048
h	U+0068	\u0068
Hw	U+0048 U+0077	\u0048\u0077
hw	U+0068 U+0077	\u0068\u0077
I	U+0049	\u0049
i	U+0069	\u0069
J	U+004A	\u004A
j	U+006A	\u006A
K	U+004B	\u004B
k	U+006B	\u006B
K'	U+004B U+0027	\u004B\u0027
k'	U+006B U+0027	\u006B\u0027
Kw	U+004B U+0077	\u004B\u0077
kw	U+006B U+0077	\u006B\u0077
L	U+004C	\u004C
l	U+006C	\u006C
Ł	U+0141	\u0141
ł	U+0142	\u0142
M	U+004D	\u004D
m	U+006D	\u006D
N	U+004E	\u004E
n	U+006E	\u006E
O	U+004F	\u004F
o	U+006F	\u006F
S	U+0053	\u0053
s	U+0073	\u0073
Sh	U+0053 U+0068	\u0053\u0068
sh	U+0073 U+0068	\u0073\u0068
T	U+0054	\u0054
t	U+0074	\u0074
T'	U+0054 U+0027	\u0054\u0027
t'	U+0074 U+0027	\u0074\u0027
Tł	U+0054 U+0142	\u0054\u0142
tł	U+0074 U+0142	\u0074\u0142
Tł'	U+0054 U+0142 U+0027	\u0054\u0142\u0027
tł'	U+0074 U+0142 U+0027	\u0074\u0142\u0027
Ts	U+0054 U+0073	\u0054\u0073
ts	U+0074 U+0073	\u0074\u0073
Ts'	U+0054 U+0073 U+0027	\u0054\u0073\u0027
ts'	U+0074 U+0073 U+0027	\u0074\u0073\u0027
W	U+0057	\u0057
w	U+0077	\u0077
X	U+0058	\u0058
x	U+0078	\u0078
Y	U+0059	\u0059
y	U+0079	\u0079
Z	U+005A	\u005A
z	U+007A	\u007A
...
Á	U+00C1	\u00C1
Ą	U+0104	\u0104
É	U+00C9	\u00C9
Í	U+00CD	\u00CD
Ó	U+00D3	\u00D3
...
Ń	U+0143	\u0143
...
aa	U+0061 U+0061	\u0061\u0061
á	U+00E1	\u00E1
áá	U+00E1 U+00E1	\u00E1\u00E1
ą	U+0105	\u0105
ąą	U+0105 U+0105	\u0105\u0105
ą́	U+0105 U+0301	\u0105\u0301
ą́ą́	U+0105 U+0301 U+0105 U+0301	\u0105\u0301\u0105\u0301
...
aá	U+0061 U+00E1	\u0061\u00E1
aą	U+0061 U+0105	\u0061\u0105
aą́	U+0061 U+0105 U+0301	\u0061\u0105\u0301
...
áa	U+00E1 U+0061	\u00E1\u0061
áą	U+00E1 U+0105	\u00E1\u0105
áą́	U+00E1 U+0105 U+0301	\u00E1\u0105\u0301
...
ąa	U+0105 U+0061	\u0105\u0061
ąá	U+0105 U+00E1	\u0105\u00E1
ąą́	U+0105 U+0105 U+0301	\u0105\u0105\u0301
...
ą́a	U+0105 U+0301 U+0061	\u0105\u0301\u0061
ą́á	U+0105 U+0301 U+00E1	\u0105\u0301\u00E1
ą́ą	U+0105 U+0301 U+0105	\u0105\u0301\u0105
...
ee	U+0065 U+0065	\u0065\u0065
é	U+00E9	\u00E9
éé	U+00E9 U+00E9	\u00E9\u00E9
ę	U+0119	\u0119
ęę	U+0119 U+0119	\u0119\u0119
ę́	U+0119 U+0301	\u0119\u0301
ę́ę́	U+0119 U+0301 U+0119 U+0301	\u0119\u0301\u0119\u0301
...
eé	U+0065 U+00E9	\u0065\u00E9
eę	U+0065 U+0119	\u0065\u0119
eę́	U+0065 U+0119 U+0301	\u0065\u0119\u0301
...
ée	U+00E9 U+0065	\u00E9\u0065
éę	U+00E9 U+0119	\u00E9\u0119
éę́	U+00E9 U+0119 U+0301	\u00E9\u0119\u0301
...
ęe	U+0119 U+0065	\u0119\u0065
ęé	U+0119 U+00E9	\u0119\u00E9
ęę́	U+0119 U+0119 U+0301	\u0119\u0119\u0301
...
ę́e	U+0119 U+0301 U+0065	\u0119\u0301\u0065
ę́ę	U+0119 U+0301 U+0119	\u0119\u0301\u0119
ę́é	U+0119 U+0301 U+00E9	\u0119\u0301\u00E9
...
ii	U+0069 U+0069	\u0069\u0069
í	U+00ED	\u00ED
íí	U+00ED U+00ED	\u00ED\u00ED
į	U+012F	\u012F
įį	U+012F U+012F	\u012F\u012F
į́	U+012F U+0301	\u012F\u0301
į́į́	U+012F U+0301 U+012F U+0301	\u012F\u0301\u012F\u0301
...
ií	U+0069 U+00ED	\u0069\u00ED
iį	U+0069 U+012F	\u0069\u012F
iį́	U+0069 U+012F U+0301	\u0069\u012F\u0301
...
íi	U+00ED U+0069	\u00ED\u0069
íį	U+00ED U+012F	\u00ED\u012F
íį́	U+00ED U+012F U+0301	\u00ED\u012F\u0301
...
įi	U+012F U+0069	\u012F\u0069
įí	U+012F U+00ED	\u012F\u00ED
įį́	U+012F U+012F U+0301	\u012F\u012F\u0301
...
į́i	U+012F U+0301 U+0069	\u012F\u0301\u0069
į́í	U+012F U+0301 U+00ED	\u012F\u0301\u00ED
į́į	U+012F U+0301 U+012F	\u012F\u0301\u012F
...
oo	U+006F U+006F	\u006F\u006F
ó	U+00F3	\u00F3
óó	U+00F3 U+00F3	\u00F3\u00F3
ǫ	U+01EB	\u01EB
ǫǫ	U+01EB U+01EB	\u01EB\u01EB
ǫ́	U+01EB U+0301	\u01EB\u0301
ǫ́ǫ́	U+01EB U+0301 U+01EB U+0301	\u01EB\u0301\u01EB\u0301
...
oó	U+006F U+00F3	\u006F\u00F3
oǫ	U+006F U+01EB	\u006F\u00EB
oǫ́	U+006F U+01EB U+0301	\u006F\u01EB\u0301
...
óo	U+00F3 U+006F	\u00F3\u006F
óǫ	U+00F3 U+01EB	\u00F3\u01EB
óǫ́	U+00F3 U+01EB U+0301	\u00F3\u01EB\u0301
...
ǫo	U+01EB U+006F	\u01EB\u006F
ǫó	U+01EB U+00F3	\u01EB\u00F3
ǫǫ́	U+01EB U+01EB U+0301	\u01EB\u01EB\u0301
...
ǫ́o	U+01EB U+0301 U+006F	\u01EB\u0301\u006F
ǫ́ǫ	U+01EB U+0301 U+01EB	\u01EB\u0301\u01EB
ǫ́ó	U+01EB U+0301 U+00F3	\u01EB\u0301\u00F3
...
ń	U+0144	\u0144

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Note: I made sources available in this repository to be generally open access, while others are "copyrighted unless used for educational purposes". This repository intends to produce educational material in the same light. See http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-EDU/1.0/ for more details on the permissions allowed by those respective authors.

Onri's bio in Navaho: 'Aoo', yá'át'ééh. T'aa iyisi baa 'axhééhnisin. Hastiin Biłééhóziní Binalí 'akót'áó shi zhi', kótʼéego. 'Ako shik'a'i dii shi zhi' łaʼ sheiníʼą́ dikwii naahai yęę dą́ą́. T'aadoo shi ei Táchii'nii nishłį, Naakaii Dine'é 'báshíshchíín, Bit'ahnii dashicheii, Kinłichíi'nii dashináli, Ta'neeszahnii dashicheii 'alááhgo, dóó 'Áshįįhí dashinaakidi nácheii. 'Áádóó, Tsé Chʼil Yaa Tó go ei naashá. 'Akót'áó Diné nishłį. 'Axhéhee'.

(Bik'idadi'diitį́į́ł = We will understand it) - Onri